Thursday, June 26, 2014

Public Perception - Research Intersection

As I have discussed in my previous my blog posts, Carbon Sequestration is more than a mere pipe dream. It was real world applications. Thus far I have used credible sources in support of the writing to explore technological viability. For this post I would like to address the ‘non-technical’ aspects of potential wide spread deployment. If Carbon sequestration has any chance to get off the ground, it is important for prospective researchers to acknowledge and address the cultural phenomena which surround the topic.

 The CCS technology has been used for decades in enhanced oil recovery and shown promising result in small commercial settings. In spite of this, carbon capture systems have yet to achieve wide spread use. I would like to make it clear to readers of this blog, that I am not a staunch proponents of CCS. I am under no illusion of the associated risks of the technology. But I do recognize the need to ‘reverse’ hundreds of years of carbon dioxide emissions in a matter of decades. In this scenario, Carbon sequestration is among a handful of technologies capable of meeting these demands. I would like to challenge the public to look at the facts and make an informed decision before a ruling can be made on the technology.

The largest road block to successful large scale testing is the public perception of the project. As is often the case with emerging technology, the majority of the public is wary and skeptical. All the while this reticence will delay the adoption, and prolong the use of unsustainable energy production. It is not to say that the public worry is unfounded. It is good to be skeptical, but we cannot afford to dismiss CCS because it is new. There will be inherent risks in any system. I believe that much of the backlash the technology has received is a standard reaction to any radical change of operation. As the lifecyle of the technology progresses understanding will likely improve. Technology has the tendency to develop quicker than the time it takes to challenge the public conscience. 

A distinction needs to be made. The public must realize that just because carbon dioxide can be stored underground permanently does not mean that carbon capture and storage systems are a permanent solution. CCS was designed out of the necessity to capture and store carbon dioxide in an extremely compressed time frame. If successful the technology will give more time, and act as a buffer in the interim of the switch from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy.
Image Credit: scientificamerican.com


From an environmentalist standpoint CSS is a way to further prolong the use of fossil fuels. They are concerned that technology is being exploited by the coal industry rather than devoting valuable resources to renewable sources of energy. This is a very real possibility. This is not a question of the technology, but rather the responsibility of humans to apply it sustainably. CCS systems are fundamentally a short term solution. Humans will have to make a decision, in the very near future, if or when to abandon fossil fuels in favor of more sustainable technologies.


Carbon sequestration has never claimed to be the silver bullet in the fight against climate change. But, I believe it is a step in the right direction. The culture phenomena surrounding the subject have led to a roadblock to the funding of further research. My point is not to discredit these concerns. They are important factors to consider when weighing the cost and benefits of a system. Instead, I believe we owe it to ourselves, to approach carbon capture and storage solutions as we would with any research topic, without bias or political agenda. 

What are you thoughts on Carbon Capture Systems? What role, if any, do you think they will play in the future?


Tuesday, June 24, 2014

Klaus Lackner - The Future of Clean Coal Technology

It is difficult to pinpoint any a single researcher as the ‘father’ or innovator of carbon capture technology. The scope and complexity of the project encourage large-scale collaboration. Carbon capture is the brainchild of many thousands of contributing researchers and scholars. This blog has given me the opportunity to highlight one such researcher; Klaus S. Lackner. Klaus Lackner is a theoretical physicist at Columbia University, and the Director of the Lenfast Center for Sustainable Energy. Klaus Lackner has long been considered a pioneer in the research and development of  the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. I would like to take this time to highlight many of the significant contributions Lackner has made on the continuing legacy of environmentally sustainable energy.
Klaus S. Lackner received his Ph.D. in 1978 in theoretical physics from the University of Heidelberg, Germany. Much of his early work involved the study of weakly interacting quarks. Lackner developed, in collaboration with George Zweig, the fractional nuclear charge of the chemistry of atoms. After joining Los Alamos National Laboratory, Dr. Lackner became involved in hydrodynamic work and fusion related research. His interest in carbon capture sequestration was driven by his observation that it will be next to impossible to stop humans from using fossil fuels. 
Instead, Lackner’s research focuses on reducing the environmental damage of the continued use of fossil fuels. Klaus Lackner has published many articles focusing on clean fossil fuel technology. He was also an instrumental in the foundation of the Zero Emission Coal Alliance, an initiative to develop coal power with zero emissions to the atmosphere. What separates Lackner, from many of his his peers, is the way in which he has approached the issue of increasing levels of carbon dioxide. In addition to his studies of conventional geologic storage and gravitational trapping of CO2, Lackner has also proposed an innovative approach to recycle the captured carbon dioxide into sustainable hydrocarbon fuels.His research led to a growing field that emphasizes recycling of carbon dioxide in conjunction with permanent geologic storage.
His initial results of the study seem extremely promising. Could you imagine transforming the over-abundance of carbon dioxide into a fuel source? This would effectively negate the slight operational efficiency cost of storage. Here is a link to the study if you would like to learn more about the study. 
Conventional post-combustion carbon capture systems are unable to actively reduce the levels of atmospheric CO2 in the atmosphere. They are simply able to prevent the carbon that is currently being produced from accumulating. The systems cannot address non-power plant sources of carbon dioxide. Klaus Lackner has helped to challenge this long held convention. His research has led to the invention of early-stage CO2 scrubbers. The devices simulate the biologic function of leaves on tress by pulling out the carbon dioxide in the outside air. A more in-depth analysis of the CO2 scubbers can be found here
CO2 Scrubbers and Geologic Storage
Image Credit: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University

Klaus Lackner is an innovator. His research has helped to push the boundaries and extend the capabilities of clean coal technology. The minds of Klaus Lackner, and the many researchers like him, will be critical in the engineering of sustainable sources of energy.



In my next post I will be discussing the intersection between the politics and the research conducted on clean coal technology. 

Sunday, June 22, 2014

Recent Climate Proposal: Make or Break for CCS


On June 2nd the Obama administration announced its plan to regulate power plant carbon dioxide emissions. The draft proposal would require existing power plants to cut carbon dioxide emissions 30%, of the levels in 2005, by the year 2030. The EPA proposal will not be finalized until mid-2015, but the implications of such a draft are significant. Unlike past attempts, this regulation has a higher percentage of becoming a reality. The president will use his authority under the 1970 Clean Air Act to enact the regulation. This is the most significant action any United States president has taken to combat global climate change.

The regulation is mainly targeted at the coal industry. It will benefit the renewable energy sector of the market by placing increased operational costs on coal. Power plant operators will be required to pay the upfront cost required to upgrade their facilities to comply with the proposed regulations. What is seemingly a death blow to the struggling coal industry, will likely provide the economic incentive for increased funding and development for wide spread use of carbon capture and storage systems.


Proposed emission standards relative to current Carbon Dioxide emissions
Image credit: Statista

Power plant operators will need to adopt technologies which can increase operational efficiency and curb increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon Capture and Storage systems can fulfill the latter half of this requirement. Carbon Capture Systems have failed to generate serious momentum because of a lack of funding and economic incentive. Power plant operators have resisted using the technology, as it can decrease overall plant efficiency by as much 7-12 percent (Miller & Smith 2012). Their indifference to the technology is liable to change. The regulation has led to an increase in the perceived social cost of carbon. 


There is now a renewed importance to limit carbon dioxide emission, even at the expense of operating costs. The technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is already in existence. It is a matter of providing the proper incentives for wide spread use of such technologies. According to the EPA greenhouse gas emissions report in 2012 were 10% below emissions in 2005. It is clear that this regulation is a feasible benchmark to be reached. It would be prudent for power plant operators to continue development of CCS technology in the expectation of future, more stringent, regulations. The 15 year time frame could serve as the necessary proving ground for CCS, to either validate or invalidate the feasibility of the technology.


The proposed regulation is a considerable landmark, and a step in the right direction in achieving the United States environmental agenda. It will likely be the foundation for further attempts, to address the global issue of climate change. It remains to be seen what role the coal industry will play in the near future. In order for the coal industry to retain its position as the largest player in the energy market, it must adapt. The regulation has forced the hands of power plant operators to develop and implement technology to decrease carbon emissions. The precipitating events of the legislation will lead to a favorable environment for Carbon Capture and Storage systems. 

What do you guys think of the proposed regulation? I would be interested to hear what you think the implications for the coal industry will be. My next post will further explore the feasibility of CCS by looking at the researchers responsible for its rise to prominence. If you guys have any suggestions or feedback please comment below.

References

Davenport, C. (2014, June 1). Obama to Take Action to Slash Coal Pollution. The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/us/politics/epa-to-seek-30-percent-cut-in-carbon-emissions.html?_r=0
Miller, J., & Smith, R. (2014, January 7). The Future of Coal: Despite Gas Boom, Coal Isn't Dead. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303332904579228160256043626



Thursday, June 19, 2014

Like it or Not - Coal is here to stay

Coal is one of the cheapest and most abundant fossil fuel sources in the world. It is an indispensable natural resource which has allowed mankind to transform its surroundings at an unprecedented level.  Fossil fuels provide 85% of the world’s energy (Coal & Electricity). Approximately 39% of this share is produced from the combustion of coal. It is one of the most widely geographically distributed sources of energy. Coal power plants are among the most efficient fossil fuels. It requires the least amount of fuel to produce a kilowatt-hour of electricity when compared to petroleum or natural gas. For these reasons, developing countries often turn to coal to meet their energy needs. As these nations become increasingly industrialized, the global demand for energy is expected to increase by 42% by 2040 (Guo 2012). This growth is extremely problematic, because the ease of production and consumption comes at a heavy price. For all of its benefits; coal is the single largest source of carbon dioxide in the world. The future of coal is without question. It will continue to be used so long as it remains cheap and abundant. With the expectation of growth, it becomes especially important to address the issues of carbon dioxide emission now, in hopes of building a more environmentally sustainable future.

The upper safety limit for atmospheric Carbon dioxide is 350 parts per million (Jenkins 2014).  However, the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is just over 400 ppm. Simply reducing emissions will not address this issue; the world needs a way to physically remove the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. For this reason, Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS, emerges as a key emission mitigation strategy.

A diagram of an advanced on-site Carbon Capture and Storage System. 

















The process works by capturing the carbon dioxide before it can enter the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is collected and compressed to a liquid state and transported to a storage reservoir (Nijhuis 2014). The liquid carbon dioxide is then injected up to 1.5 underground into geologic formations for permanent storage (Nijhuis 2014). There are currently 12 large scale CCS system in operation and have achieved measurable success (Shin, John, 2013). It is estimated that the technology will have the capability to reduce carbon dioxide emission from prospective coal-fired power plants between 75 and 90% (Uibelesen, 2012).  The technology could be retrofitted to existing power plants. It would allow for the continued use of fossil fuels without the accompanying increase in carbon dioxide. CCS technology has been in development for several decades and shown remarkable success in small-scale production. 

It is imperative that we engineer a solution to address the elevating levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. There is no general consensus to what capacity Carbon Capture and Storage system will play in this issue. CCS has been tested, extensively, and has shown to be technologically viable in small scale field studies. It is likely that a dramatic shift in the social and economic landscape will have to occur before CCS systems can begin commercial scale carbon mitigation. In my next post I will discuss several current events which pertain to my topic. What are your thoughts on Carbon Capture and Storage systems, do you think that they have real world applications, or are they just a ploy to continue reckless use of fossil fuels? I hope that this space will become an area for public discourse. Please feel free to share your thoughts on the matter.






References

Coal & Electricity. (n.d.). coal electricity, coal power plants. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/coal-electricity/

Guo, L. (2012). The sustainable development system structural model of shaanxi coal industry. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(1), 128-132. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/917635336?accountid=14541

Nijhuis, M. (2014, April 1). Can Coal Ever be Clean?. National Geographic, 225, 33 - 41.

Shin, G. K., & John, L. M. (2013). Revolutionary chemical looping technology advances CLEAN COAL. Power Engineering, 117(11), 22-24,26-28. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1468591363?accountid=14541